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The following is an extract from a published scientific paper -

The full report can be found at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gv/pmc/articles/PMC5592640

Bacillus-mediated plant growth promotion

Abstract:

Crop productivity is affected by environmental and genetic factors. Microbes that are beneficial to plants are used to enhance the crop yield and are alternatives to chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

PseudomonasandBacillus species are the predominant plant growth-promoting bacteria.

The spore-forming ability ofBacillusis distinguished from that ofPseudomonas. Members of this genus also survive for a long time under unfavorable environmental conditions.

Bacillusspp. secrete several metabolites that trigger plant growth and prevent pathogen infection.

Limited studies have been conducted to understand the physiological changes that occur in crops in response to Bacillus spp. to provide protection against adverse environmental conditions. This review describes the current understanding of Bacillus induced physiological changes in plants as an adaptation to abiotic and biotic stresses.

Bacillus-induced pest control and plant protection

In organic farming, the use of bacterial agents is considered an environmentally friendly and safe method to increase crop productivity in the presence of pests. Plant-beneficialBacillus Spp. reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides for the sustainable production of various crops in modern agriculture.

For example, thiamethoxam is an insecticide used to control an extensive range of pests, such as aphids, beetles, lepidopteran species, thrips and whiteflies, but use of this chemical in seed coating has been banned by the European Union. Alternatively, eco-friendly microbial pesticides could help fill the gap formed by the discontinuation of chemical pesticides use in the field of agriculture.

Some otherBacillusSpp., such asB. Cereus, B. Subtilis, andB. Amyloliquefaciens, are also involved in pest control. * (These are in our Megabacters)

Effects ofBacillusspp. inoculation on crop protection from pathogenic fungi

The antagonistic activity ofBacillusSpp. controls the mycelial growth of fungi, preventing plant fungal disease and increasing plant growth and yield. Populations ofBacillus spp. can be successfully established in the soil and root rhizospheres without any lasting effects on other bacterial populations. Bacillus spp. attach to the mycelial cell walls, and the chitosanase, protease, cellulase, glucanase, siderophores, and HCN of the bacteria crack and deform the hyphae, which leads to altered cell structure and functions due to vacuolation and protoplast leakage.

Bacterially synthesized antifungal peptides, such as iturin, fengycin, mixirin, pumilacidin, surfactin, and a novel cyclic peptide with a molecular weight of 852.4 Da, are involved in the destruction of the pathogenic fungi in rhizospheres.

Conclusions

Crop productivity is decreasing due to climatic changes, and human populations are increasing daily, which results in starvation problems in under-developed countries. Research is on going to enhance crop yields despite various unfavorable environmental conditions.

Physical, chemical and biological methods are being used to address the biotic and abiotic stress-induced damage in plants. The mutualistic relationship between plants and microbes is well known, especially the interactions between plants and bacteria either from the soil or inside the plants that help to improve the plant health under adverse stress conditions. The plant-beneficial Bacillus spp. produce plant growth-promoting substances (hormones and solubilizing enzymes) to increase plant growth. During drought and with salinity and heavy metal accumulation in the soil as well as pathogen infection, crop productivity is reduced, but the association with BacillusSsp. promotes crop yield via various metabolites. Some of the physiological alterations in plants during BacillusSpp. inoculation in stress environments slow plant aging.

For example, the ethylene-suppressing enzyme (ACC deaminase) synthesized byBacillusSpp. mitigates the detrimental effects of abiotic and biotic stress in plants by delaying senescence. Exopolysaccharide production byBacillusSpp. has been frequently reported to reduce sodium ion transport and regulate plant nutrient uptake during salinity stress.

Additionally, the lipopeptides and toxic substances secreted fromBacillusSpp. prevent pathogen growth and reduce disease occurrence in crops. The plant growth-promoting activities ofBacillusSpp. have been well-documented as evidenced by increased growth of roots, shoots, and leaves as well as enhanced yields. However, very few studies have been conducted regarding the physiological and molecular aspects of these processes.

Some of these studies have revealed that Bacillus Spp. regulate nutrient uptake, water transport, and antioxidant, pigment, hormone and stress-responsive genes and proteins in plants leading to tolerance under adverse environmental conditions. This review concludes thatBacillusSpp. are biological organisms that can potentially induce stress tolerance in plants.

Author contributions

RR, AH and EA collected the research article information and wrote and revised the article together in a parallel manner. All the authors approved the final version of this manuscript.

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